![]() ![]() Unfortunately, for the first half of the twentieth century, scholarly and historical attention focused almost exclusively on the actions of whites, both in the South and in the North, and ignored the immense contributions of African Americans. The rebuilding of Southern society and the political reintegration of the South into the nation after the Civil War is referred to more generally simply as Reconstruction. However, significant political and other Reconstruction activity by African Americans continued at the local and state levels beyond 1877. Many historians define Black Reconstruction as spanning the years from 1863 (the year of the Emancipation Proclamation, which made possible widespread black military participation in the Civil War) through 1877 (the year of the national political agreement to remove federal troops from the South). It involved the transformation of Southern political, economic, and social institutions in a manner consistent with the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which collectively established black freedom and equality. The term Black Reconstruction refers to the actions and activities of both black and white Americans in the period immediately after the Civil War. ![]() LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE RESISTANCE ![]()
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